Cách sử dụng GERUND TO INF

Gerund
 (danh động từ)
 Infinitive
Ving có chức năng là chủ ngữ , tân ngữ, định ngữCó những TH sau:
I. Inf without TO
(đtừ nguyên mẫu Ko To)
Dùng cho các TH sau:
1.Sau preposition (giới từ ) 
In,on,at,about,by,with,against,without.
2. sau 1 số thành ngữ
It’s no use/good
Worth
There is no 
Can’t help/bear/stand/risk
Would/Do you mind ?
Be busy(with)
Look forward to
Good luck to you( chúc bạn may mắn)
Life is too short to worry (hơi đâu mà lo sức đâu mà buồn)
Success to you (mong em thành công)
Like father, like son (cha nào con nấy
Money makes the mare go (có tiền mua tiên cũng được)
Make yourself at home (cứ tự nhiên như
ở nhà )
The cap fits ,then wear it (có tật giật mình)
Where there is a will,there is a way(có chí 
thì nên)
First step counts ( vạn sự khởi đầu nan)
Wait the see (thời gian sẽ trả lời)
Diamond cuts diamond(vỏ quýt dày có 
móng tay nhọn)
1.(Va) modal verbs
 (V khiếm khuyết)
Can-could-be able to (có thể)
Will-would-be going to (sẽ)
Should-ought to-had to-had better (nên)
Must-have to-will have to (phải)
May-might (có thể)
Used to (đã từng)
 2.Sau 
Make (làm cho)
Let (để ) + O + Vbare
Help (giúp)
II.Inf with TO
(order + O +TO Inf )
Ask (đề nghị)
Agree / disagree (đồng ý /ko đồng ý)
Beg (cầu xin)
Tell (kể ,bảo)
Expect (trông mong)
Demand (yêu cầu)
Decide (quyết định)
Request (yêu cầu)
Hope (hi vọng)
Wish (ước)
Plan (có kế hoạch)
Threaten (đe doạ)
Persuade (thuyết phục)
Encourage (khuyến khích)
Promise (hứa hẹn)
Want (muốn)
Intend /mean (có ý định)
Refuse (từ chối)
Learn/learn how (học cách làm gì)
Mange (xoay sở)
Would like (thích gì)
Need (cần)
Can/could afford ( đủ tiền/sức làm gì)
Offer (tình nguyện làm gì)
Seem (dường như)
Advise (khuyên)
Allow (cho phép)
Warn (cảnh báo)
Require (phụ thuộc ai)
Force (ép buộc)
V chỉ giác quan:
Look / see / watch/ observe / glance at
Listen / hear .
Smell..
Taste..
Fell.
Khi trong câu dùng các từ nghi vấn : Động từ đứng sau phải có To -Inf
How (thế nào,làm sao, bằng cách nào.)
Where (ở đâu ,nơi nào.)
What (gì ,cái gì,điều gì.)
Which (nào,người nào ,vật nào.)
When (khi nào ,lúc nào)
Whom (ai..)
Sau các tính từ sau đây ,V đứng sau phải có To Inf
 Able (có thể)
 Afraid (e sợ)
 Certain (chắc)
 Easy (dễ)
 Hard (khó)
S + Vchia + impossible (khó có thể) + TO-inf
 Ready (sẵn sàng)
 Right (đúng)
 Sure (chắc chắn)
 Useless (vô ích)
 Wrong (sai)
3.sau 1 số đtừ sau đây 
Avoid (tránh)
Admit (thừa nhận)
Appreciate (đánh giá cao)
enjoy (thích)
hate (ghét)
detest (ghét)
dislike (ko thích)
deny (từ chối)
delay ( trì hoãn)
discuss (tranh luận)
miss(bỏ lỡ)
mention ( đề cập)
finish (hoàn thành)
practise (luyện tập)
postpone (trì hoãn)
keep(cứ)
mind (cảm phiền)
suggest (đề nghị)
feel like (cảm thấy thích) 
consider (xem xét)
have trouble (có lo lắng về)
risk (liều lĩnh)
forgive (tha lỗi)
recollect (nhớ lại)
shirk(nhớ lại)
stand(chịu đựng)
fine (tìm thấy )
fine one’s shelf (thấy mình đang)
 .
4.những động từ đi chung với “To”.Sau nó là một V-ing
give up to (mải mê)
fall to (bắt đầu)
addict to (nghiện)
look forward to (mong mỏi ,đơi chờ)
listen to (lắng tai nghe)
be prone (có khuynh hướng)
trong câu nếu có hai V ,
nếu V thứ nhất có nghĩa là :thì sau nó là một V-ing
chỉ sự bắt đầu : start / begin /set to /open...
chỉ sự tiếp tục: continue/ go on/ keep on...
chỉ sự kết thúc:
 have done/ be done/ leave off/ cease / quit / stop / finish.
NOTES
1.Những TH sau đây V theo sau V chính có thể là Gerund hoặc Infinitive mà làm thay đổi nghĩa của từ 
 	Ý thích lâu dài 
 Ý thích nhất thời
 Hành động đã xảy ra
	Hành động sẽ xảy ra
	Thử làm gì
	Cố gắng làm gì
 	Ngừng hẳn làm gì
	Dừng lại để làm gì
2.những TH sau được dùng Ving hoặc To inf 
Allow = permit (cho phép) + O + To inf 
Advise = recomonend (khuyên bảo) 
Consider (xem xét) V-ing
***nếu 5 V trên dùng ở thể bị động thì động từ theo sau luôn ở thể To Inf
Start = begin 
 + V-ing / To inf
continue
***nếu 3 V trên dùng ở thì tiếp diễn thì chỉ dùng “To Inf” 
cách đọc đuôi “ED”
Âm 
Động từ nguyên mẫu tận cùng bằng :
/t/
c , f , k, p, s, x, sh, ch, gh, :vd: looked, stopped, madded, boxed,helped,planted,laughed,washed
/id/
d, t vd: divided,corrected, wicked,sacred
/d/
Những âm còn lại vd:played, learned, phoned,loved.
Tận cùng bằng “ s ”
Âm 
Danh từ số ít hay động từ ở ngôi thứ ba số ít tận cùng bằng:
/s/
K, f , p ,t ,th: vd : pots,banks, months, tops..
/iz/
Ce, ge, se, x, z, ch, sh,s (Chú ý:sau những đuôi này thêm “es”)
Vd:dishes,pieces, churches,horses
/z/ 
Những âm còn lại: vd: dogs, taxis,bells.
Subject pronouns
(Đtừ làm chủ ngữ)
complement pronouns
(đại từ làm túc từ)
Possessive adjective
(tính từ sở hữu)
Possessive pronouns
(đại từ sở hữu)
Reflexive pronouns
(đại từ phản thân)
I
Me
My
Mine
Myself
We
Us 
Our
Ours
Ourselves
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourself/ Yourselves
He
Him
His
His
Himself
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
It
It
Its
Its
Itself
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Themselves
NOUNS: (Danh từ) giống chức năng như trong tiếng việt
 Đứng đầu câu làm c/năng chủ ngữ S (subject)
 Đứng sau động từ làm c/năng tân ngữ O (object)
 Đứng sau động từ “ to be” làm c/năng Bổ ngữ C (complement)
 N có thể đứng một mình hoặc thường đi kèm với các từ loại sau:
Mạo từ: A / An / The
Tính từ sở hữu : My / our / your/ their/ its/ her/ his.
Đại từ chỉ định : This / that/ these / those
Đại từ chỉ số lượng : One/ Both/some/many/much/,Few/little/ 5.
ADJECTIVE: (a) tính từ giống chức năng như trong tiếng việt ,có 2 vị trí đứng sau đây:
 Be + (a)
+ (N)
ADVERB : (adv) trạng từ :dây là loại trạng từ chỉ thể cách .
Có các loại: *Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn :in/ on/ at/here / there 
 *trạng từ chỉ thể cách:Dịch là “ một cách” được thành lập theo công thức. ADV = (a) + LY
 *Trạng từ chỉ thời gian:in/ on/ at/today/tomorrow/yesterday/in the morning
 *trạng từ chỉ phương tiện: By + tên phương tiện.
 Có một số vị trí đứng trong câu:
	TENSES-INFINITIVES-GERUNDS
She(decide)(stay) at home last night she decided to stay at home last night
I(enjoy)(get) up early in the summer.I enjoy getting up in the summer
After I (work) for 3 hour ,I (stop)(eat) lunch.After I had worked for 3 hour ,I stopped eating 
I(explain) what (do) later on. I am explaining what doing later on.
They (let )their children (stay) up late at weekend. They let their children stay up late at weekend.
I think it’s going to rain. You’d better (take) an umbrella with you when you go out.I think it is going to rain.you’d better take an umbrella with you when you go to out.
It(not,be) easy for us (get) tickets for the concert now.it isn’t being easy for us getting tickets for the concert now.
She (save) up (busy) a new motor bike now. She is saving up busying a new motor bike now 
I think he (be) surprised(ngạc nhiên)( get) your letter. I think he will be surprised to get your letter 
Yesterday we (watch) them (climb)up to the top of the hill and then come down again.yesterday we watched them climb up to the top of the hill and then come down again
I had hoped (see) the musical Rainbow but I couldn’t (get) any tickets.I had hoped to see the musical Rainbow but I couldn’t get any tickets
You should try(avoid) (drive) through the city centre at the rush hour.you should try to avoid driving though the city centre at the rush hour.
I’d like (make) a copy of letter .Could you (show) me how (use) the photocopier?I’ve never used it before.I’d like to make a copy of letter .Could you show me how use the photocopier? I’ve never used it before.
They stopped (work)at 1 o’clock (have) something(eat)they stopped to work at 1 o’clock had something eat.
What time do you need (leave) (catch) your bus? What time do you need to leave to catch your bus?
I’m sorry (bother)(làm phiền)you but I need (talk) to you.I’m sorry bothered you but I need to talk to you
The next train (arrive) at platform 4 will be the 6.50 to Cardiff.the next train arriving at platform 4 will be the 6.50 to Cardiff.
It’s silly of Mary (give) up her job when she needs the money.it’s silly of Mary giving up her job when she needs the money 
If I have any more news, you (be) the first (know) If have any more news ,you will be the first knowing 
The police stopped everyone from (leave) the building. The police stopped everyone from leaving the building.
The burgbars got into the house by (break) a window and(climb) in the burgbars got into the house by breaking a windown and climbing in.
Simon was in a difficult situation ,so I (agree) (lend) him some money simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to lend him some money.
How old were you when you (learn) (drive)? How old were you when had you learnt to drive?
I waved but (fail) (attract) her attention.I waved but failing to attract her attention
We were hungry, so I( suggest) (have) dinner early.we were hungry ,so I suggested having dinner early
His boss refused (consider) (give) him the day off his boss refused to consider giving him the day off
We hope (finish) (paint) the house by Thursday.we hope to finish painting the house by Thursday.
I’m sure they (be) disappointed (hear) the news . 
I (have) an opportunity(thời cơ)(speak) to Mr. Smith yesterday.I had an opportunity to speak to Mr.Smith yesterday.
He tried (avoid) (answer) my question. He tried to avoid answering my question.
Could you please stop (make) so much noise? Could you please stop to make so much noise.
I(never be) to Iceland but I’d like (go )there.I had never been to I celand but I’d like to go there.
The film was very sad. It make me(cry) through the show.the film was very sad .it make me cry though the show
It is easy (be) wise after the event.it is easy to be wise after the event .
Do you (wish) (make) a complaint?Do you wish to make a complant ?
We don’t (want) anybody (know) that we are here.we don’t want anybody to know that we are here.
If you can’t (remember) his number you’d better (look) it up.If you can’t remember his number you’d better look it up.
I want her (learn) Esperanto; I think everybody ought to (know) it. I want her to learn Esperanto; I think everybody ought to know it.
He is said (be) the best surgeon(bác sĩ fẩu thuật) in the country. He is said to be the best surgeon in the country.
Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals. Visitors are asked to not feed the animals
It’d better (travel) hopefully than (arrive). It’d better travel hopefull than arrive
He should (know) how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn’t you had better (show) him. He should know how use the film projector,but if he doesn’t you had better show him.
He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt. He was made sign a paper admitting his guilt.
I heard the door (open) and saw the shadow (move) across the floor. I heard the door openning and saw the shadow 
He tried (make) me (believe) that he wasn’t my stepmother(dì ghẻ). He tried to make me believe that he wasn’t m ... .................. (have) dinner early. Hhhhhh we neigbor threatened 
Hurry up! I don't want ................... (risk) ..................... (miss) the train.
My father allows me ....................... (use) his car sometimes.
Can you remind me ....................... (phone) Ann tomorrow?
I considered ................. (apply) for the job but in the end I decided against it.
Have you finished ................. (wash) your hair yet?
If you walk into the road without looking, you risk .................... (be) knocked down.
Jim is 65 but he isn't going to retire yet. He wants to carry on .............. (work)
I like George but I think he tends ................ (talk) too much.
There was a lot of traffic but we managed ................... (get) to the airport in time.
We've got a new computer in our office. I haven't learnt .............. (use) it yet.
She refused ....to tell ..... (tell) us her name.
I don't mind you ...using... (use) the phone as long as you pay for your call.
Hello! Fancy .......seeing .......... (see) you here! What a surprise!
I've put off ........writing ........... (write) the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody ................... (be) so stupid?
Sarah gave up ......... (find) a job in this country and decided ........... (go) abroad.
She denied ................... (steal) the money.
Don't keep ................... (interrupt) me while I am speaking.
Shall we postpone ................... (go) away until tomorrow?
It was late, so we decided ................... (take) a taxi home.
Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed ................... (lend) him some money.
I'm still looking for a job but I hope ................... (find) something soon.
They don't have much money. They can't afford ................. (eat) out very often.
I wish that dog would stop ..................... (bark).
I was warned ....................... (not touch) the switch.
I didn't move the piano by myself. I got someone ............... (help) me.
The police don't permit ......................... (enter) the harbor area.
Don't let him ..................... (do) what he wants.
Sarah persuaded me ..................... (take) that exam.
I wouldn't recommend ......................... (stay) in that hotel.
Having a car enables you ....................... (travel) round more easily.
My lawyer advised me ....................... (not say) anything to the police.
What would you recommend me ................... (buy) for my girlfriend's birthday?
I didn't expect it ......................... (rain). 
One of the boys admitted ..................... (break) the window.
The boy's father promised ..................... (pay) for the window to be repaired.
'How did the thief get into the house?' ' I forgot ....................... (shut) the window'.
The baby began ..................... (cry) in the middle of the night.
Please remember ....................... (lock) the door when you go out. Please remember to lock door when you go out
He can't remember ..................... (be) in hospital when he was four. He can’t remember to be in hopital when he was four.
I can't go on ....................... (work) here any m ore. I want a different job. I cann’t go on working here any more .I want a different job. (tôi không thể đi làm việc ỏ đây thêm 1 chút nào nữa ,tôi muốn 1 công viêc khác.
DẠNG “WORD FAMILY”
1. I dislike those who are not .for appointment. I don’t want to wait. ( late / punctual / decisive / shy ) 
2. I’d ..him with my life . ( trust / confide / lie / remain )
3. Best friends have usually each other for years. ( to know / knew / knowing / known )
4. A / An is a person you only know. ( acquaintance / friend / aunt / colleague )
5. Being his close friend, I always ....with his interests, aims,.. . ( apologize / believe / sympathize / forgive )
6. For friendship to be intimate and lasting, both of the friends must have some special . .  ( quantities / qualities / gossips / rumours )
7. Sorry. I can’t go with you tonight because I have some tests . . ( doing / done / to do / do )
8. My parents never let me ..out alone at night. ( going / went / to go / go )
9. ... makes it harder for her to join in conversations. ( Happiness / Shyness / Encouragement / Sacrifice )
10. I believe that everyone has had experiences in their life. ( embarrassing / embarrassed / embarrasses / embarrass )
11. I am very ..of what I said to them yesterday. ( shameful / ashamed / happy / apologizing )
12. She complains noisily about anything she doesn’t like. She is always .a fuss. ( having / taking / doing / making )
13. is one of the problems that our government has tried to solve for many years .(Entertainment / Literacy / Illiteracy / Communication )
14. Those students who took part in the fight against illiteracy considered it a / an ..job to help people in the home villages. ( honorable / promotion / complete / unexpected )
15. University students should take  in helping people in remote areas. ( role / part / way / care )
16. The competition was ..by the Students’ Parents Society. ( made / sponsored / ruled / given)
17. The winner of the contest will be a set of CDs for studying English. ( applied / awarded / sponsored / appointed )
18. There were signs .....of fog as soon as we got onto the motorway. ( warn / warning / warned / to warn )
19. Uncle Tam, my father’s younger brother is my closest .. . ( colleague / relative / associate / friend )
20. This kind of cake is made ..sticky rice. ( from / by / into / in )
21. He was accused of ..his ship two months ago. ( to have deserted / having deserted / desert / to desert )
22. twice, he didn’t want to try again. ( Failing / Having failed / To have failed / To fail ) 
23. If you ..the rules, you won’t be able to join the contest. ( have / break / hit / permit )
24. He has tried to up smoking. ( give / wipe / clean / take )
25. She is never completely ..in what she says about people. ( sincerely / sincere / real / reality )
26. Mai has a wide circle of friends and  . ( neighbourhood / acquaintances / friendship / relations )
27. Here are some tests for me .tonight. ( to do / do / doing / did )
28. The manager congratulated the workers on .. excellent work that month. ( having done / to have done / to do / do )
29. I have just had these suits .at this tailor’s. ( make / making / to make / made )
30. That author doesn’t mind ..by his friends. ( criticized / being criticized / to criticize / to be criticized )
31. Family .is the process of controlling the number of children you have. ( building / controlling / housing / planning )
32. In the early 20th century Vietnam was a country struggling .independence. ( against / for / about / over 
TASK 2. Complete the following sentences with the correct forms of words given.
1. Volunteer work is very ..to teenagers. ( BENEFIT ) 
2. The United Nations is an international . . ( ORGANIZE )
3. College students spend their free time as volunteers in hospitals, or homes for the aged. (ORPHAN)
4. I would like to have a friend who has . . ( CONFIDENT )
5. Did you take part in the eloquence ..held in our school last week? (COMPETE)
6. All the are not allowed to talk to their friends and have to do as instructed. ( CONTEST) 
7. I will send them these .cards tomorrow. ( INVITE )
8. I didn’t ask them to help me. They did everything .. . ( VOLUNTEER )
9. I’m very to you for lending me some money when I am broke. ( GRATITUDE )
10. Bees are .insects. They are considered much more hard-working than human beings. ( STUDY )
11. She always tries her best to overcome her .. . ( SHY )
12. She felt when everyone kept looking at her. ( EMBARRASS)
13. We have done a lot to eradicate . In our country. ( LITERATE )
14. She had the ..to explain things clearly. ( ABLE )
15. To our great , it rained every day of the trip. ( DISAPPOINT )
16. My opinion remains .. ( CHANGE )
17. Does television have an effect on children’s  ? ( BEHAVE )
18. We would like to see closer ..between parents and schools. ( COOPERATE )
19. They went hiking in a region. ( MOUNTAIN )
20. In Vietnam there are laws protecting the rights of ethnic  ( MINOR )
21.) The accident left him physically  . ( HANDICAP
22. The new speed limit on this road becomes from 1 June. ( EFFECT )
23. He criticized the recent poor .of the company. ( PERFORM )
24. The club provides a wide variety of ..including tennis, swimming and badminton. ( ACT)
25. ..of births, marriages and deaths appear in some newspapers. ( ANNOUNCE)
ĐÁP ÁN
1. beneficial 2. organization 3. orphanages 4. confidence 5. competition 6. contestants 7. invitation
8. voluntarily 9. grateful 10. studious 11. shyness 12. embarrassed 13. illiteracy 14. ability 15.disappointment 16. unchanged 17. behaviour 18. cooperation 19. mountainous 20. minorities
21. handicapped 22. effective 23. performance 24. activities 25. announcement 
-Rearrange which endings (-ed ) are pronounced : / t / , / d / , / id / (1. m)
 - sacred - wrapped -closed - coughed - decided -agreed -ploughed -learned (adj.)
/d/ .
/id/..
t/
/*Underline the correct word or phrase to complete the sentence. 
1. She does .work for the Red Cross two days a week. ( voluntary / volunteers / volunteering / voluntarily ) 
2. ..care of old people is her happiness. ( Looking / Participating / Taking / Having )
3. One of the problems that our people struggled against in 2000 was .. . ( promotion / illiteracy / literacy / advance )
4. Reducing the size of classes may improve .standards. ( education / educational / educate / educated ) 
* Write the correct form of word given in each sentence. 
1. The accident left him physically  . ( HANDICAP ) 
2. We need to take a lot of factors into account in our ..-making. ( DECIDE )
3. Our government has tried to make suitable plans for .development. ( EDUCATION )
4. Teaching street kids is an work. ( HONOR ) 
	Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete sentences
1..........................., the step mother was very cruel to Little Pea.	( fortunate)
2. Everyone was .........................at the soccer match.	(excite)
3. Many rural areas in Vietnam have been .........................	(urban)
4. Tim and Shanon want to visit an ...........institute in Vietnam	(ocean)
5. Should English be a ........................foreign language in Viet Nam?	(compel)
6. Trung's sense of humor ......................him from other students.	(distinct)
7. He is looking .............................thinner 	(appreciate)
8. The ......................sat there asking for money.	(beg)
9. She got a...........................letter from her boss	( person)
10. We had to take out a ..........................from the bank to buy the car.	(lend)
Đáp án
1.unfortunately	6.distinguishes
2. excited	7. appreciatively
3.urbanized	 8. beggar
4..oceanic	 9.personal
5. compulsory	 10.loan