Tiếng Anh 11 - Infinitives

INFINITIVES
A. Infinitive with to / To-infinitive:
Một số động từ sau đây được theo sau bởi To inf.
decide (quyết định)
hope (hy vọng)
manage (cố gắng, xoay sở)
promise (hứa)
seem (dường như)
start * (bắt đầu)
begin* (bắt đầu)
like* (thích)	+ (O)
love* (thích)	+ (O)
hate* (ghét) 	+ (O) + To-inf.
ask (hỏi, yêu cầu)	+ (O)	
expect (mong đợi)	+ (O)
help**(giúp đỡ) 	+ (O)
intend (dự định)	+ (O)
invite (mời) 	+ (O)
want (muốn) 	+ (O)
wish (ước, muốn) 	+ (O)
allow (cho phép) 	+ O
advise (khuyên) 	+ O
get	+ O
tell (bảo) 	+ O
Example: 
- We decided to make a trip to Dalak.
- She wants to have a cup of tea.
- My cousin wanted me to take her to the supermarket.
- My grandparents often advise me to study hard.
* Lưu ý: 	+ Động từ với * có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc V-ing
	+ Động từ với ** có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc Infinitive without to
To-infinitive có thể được dùng sau một số tính từ chỉ những phản ứng, và cảm giác của con người.
delighted (vui)
lovely (đáng yêu)
pleased (vui, hài lòng) 	
anxious (bồn chồn, lo lắng)
shocked (bị sock)
surprised (ngạc nhiên ) + To inf
happy (hạnh phúc)
glad (vui, hân hạnh)
afraid (ngại)
sorry (lấy làm tiếc)
Example: I’m glad to come to your party today.
To-infinitive có thể được dùng để nói về mục đích, hoặc ý định làm việc gì đó:
 Example: She learns English to find a good job
To-infinitive còn được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau:
TOO + adj + (for someone) + to inf.
adj + ENOUGH + to inf.
Example: - The tea is too hot (for me) to drink.
 - He’s strong enough to lift this stone.
e. To-infinitive cũng được dùng trong mẫu câu với chủ từ giả “It”:
It is (not) 	impossible + for someone + to -inf.
	easy
	important
	necessary
	usual
Example: It’s impossible for him to find a job now.
f. Chúng ta có thể sử dụng to infinitive sau một số danh từ hoặc đại từ như là một thành phần bổ nghĩa cho các danh từ hoặc đại từ đó để thay thế cho một mệnh đề quan hệ.
Example: 	I have a lot of work to do.
 	= I have a lot of work which I have to do.
g. Những đại từ bất định như something, anything, nothing và những từ tương tự thường được theo sau bởi “ for + O + to inf”
Example: There’s nothing for the cats to eat.
B. Infinitive without to / VBI (verbs bare inf)
Sau động từ let và make là một tân ngữ và một cụm VBI
 let ( để), make (bắt, buộc) + O + VBI
Example: 	- The film made me cry.
	- Let me go!
b. Infinitive without to / VBI còn được dùng sau những động từ sau: see, watch, hear, smell, feel.
Example: 	- I feel the earth move.
	- We watched Liverpool and Manchester play on TV last night. (xem hết trận đấu)
* Lưu ý: Sau các động từ see, watch, hear ta dùng VBI khi hành động được chúng ta thấy (see), xem (watch), nghe (hear)	
Practice:
Complete each of the following sentences with to-inf and/or inf without to:
I’ve decided (buy) a new apartment.
What time do you expect (arrive)  in Chicago?
That T-shirt makes you (look)  younger.
Let me (post)  that letter for you.
It’s important for students (do) their homework.
I promise you your order will (send)  today.
She went to the post office (buy)  some stamps.
He isn’t tall enough (reach)  the top sheft.
We listened (sing)  a song.
I heard her (shout)  at the children.
It’s too cold for us (go)  swimming today.
It takes 5 hours (fly)  from Los Angerles to Honolulu.
I saw her (across)  the road.
They have a lot of homework (do) ..
John is easy (please) 
I’m sorry ( have troubled) you.
It’s late. I think we had better (go)  home.
We can (leave)  soon.
Don’t let the children (annoy)  you.
We want (stay)  home tonight.
My father allowed me (use)  the camera.
People use their money (buy)  and (sell)  things.
She asked us (sit) down and went (make)  some coffee.
Tim is too young (join)  the army.
The movie was very sad. It made me (cry) 
Would you like (come)  to dinner on Friday?
It took us three hours (get)  here.
I’d rather (go)  (shop)  than anything else.
I wonder if you’d be kind enough (help)  me.
The robbers forced the manager (open)  the safe.
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PAST SIMPLE, PAST PERFECT & PAST PROGRESSIVE
Simple past 
Form 
v Khẳng định: S + V2 / V-ed 
v Phủ định : 	 S + didn’t + V1 . 
v Nghi vấn : 	 Did + S + V1 ..?
 Use 
w Diễn tả hành động xảy ra và chấm dứt tại một thời điểm hoặc khoảng thời gian xác định trong quá khứ . 
Ex: He met her yesterday.
 He lived in Hanoi from 1990 to 2000.
 They didn’t meet each other last night.
w Cách nhận biết: yesterday, ago, last + time , in + year , from to .
Past continuous 
Form 
 v Khẳng định: S + were / was + V-ing .
v Phủ định : 	 S + were / was + not + V-ing 
v Nghi vấn : 	 Were / Was + S + V-ing ? 
Use 
w Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ .
Ex: What were you doing at 8.00 last night ? I was watching television .
 When I got home , the children were crying and the dog was barking .
w Diễn tả hành động bị gián đoạn .
Ex: While I was having a bath, the phone rang .
 He was making some coffee when we arrived .
w Diễn tả hai hành động đang diễn ra cùng một lúc.
Ex: I was learning my lesson while my parents were watching TV at 8.30 last night.
 While he was playing football, we were listening to music.
w Cách nhận biết: 
At that moment ( vào lúc đó)
At that time ( vào lúc đó)
At this time yesterday ( vào lúc này hôm qua)
At this time last night ( vào lúc này tối hôm qua)
At 4 (5, 6 ) o'clock yesterday (vào lúc 4 (5, 6) giờ hôm qua.)
All day yesterday ( suốt ngày hôm qua)
Past perfect 
Form 
vKhẳng định :	S + had + V3 / V-ed 
vPhủ định :	 S + had + not + V3 / V-ed 
vNghi vấn :	 Had + S + V3 / V-ed . ?
Use 
w Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác hoặc thời điểm khác trong quá khứ .
w Cách nhận biết: before, after, by the time, when, as soon as.
Ex: My parents had already eaten by the time I got home.
 Until yesterday , I had never heard about it .
Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past perfect and past progressive:
He said he (join) .. the army in 1985.
Bill (have) .breskfast when I stopped at this house.
When I went back to the shop, they (sell) .. the book I wanted.
Hoe many countries they (visit) .. by March last year.
When he (come) .. home, I (talk) .. to my mother on the phone.
While I (lie) .. in bed last night, I (hear) .. a strange noise in front of the door.
It (rain) .. heavily when I (sleep) .. yesterday afternoon.
While Mrs Smith (plant) .. flowers in the garden, Mr Smith (change) .. the oil in his car.
When we (arrive) .. at the airport, they (wait) .. for us there.
He (do) .. a lot of jobs before he (work) .. in this company.
Yesterday while I (look) .. at my computer screen, I (start) . feel a little dizzy, so I (take) .. a break.
Susan (send) .. a letter to her university after she (receive) .. her scholarship check.
 Tom (meet) .. Mary in 1986 and they have been good friends since then.
After they (visit) .. Paris, they (go) .. to Manchester.
George (work) .. at the university 45 years before he (retire) ..
After Tom (wash) .. his clothes, he (begin) .. to study.
 When John and I (got) .. to the theatre, the movie (start) ..
 Before I could say anything, they (admit) .. their mistakes.
I (hit) .. my thumb while I (use) .. the hammer. Ouch! That (hurt) ..
While I (read) .. books in the living room last night, I (hear) .. a strange noise in the kitchen. I (go) .. to the kitchen, (turn) .. on the lights. I (hold) .. my break and (listen) .. carefully. I (realise) that a mouse (chew) .. on something under the cupboard
The vase broke when it (move) to the other room.
When I entered his room, I saw him ( sleep ) in a chair.
If only I ( have ) money with me, I ( lend ) you some.
why are you under the table? You (look) for something?
David (wash) his hands. He just (repair) the TV set
The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off.
"Where is Jane?" "Down stairs sir" ."She (greet) the guests
 Mr Brown just ( finish) reading the letter when the telephone on his desk ( ring) 
 Those students who ( fail) the exam are going to take another one held in August
 Hurry up or you ( be) late for class.
 Hurry up or our favourite TV programme ( be) over long before we ( reach) home
 I ( not have ) much time for entertainment these days.
 Look! A man ( run) after the bus. He wants to catch it.
 We don’t want to ( pay ) low wages.
 Two robbers ( put) in prison escaped yesterday.
 It is 2 years since I ( last give) presents on Christmasday.
 Nothing ( do) about this problem for months	
There (be) no guests at all since I left.
I am sorry about the noise last night. We (have) a party.
In a few minutes’time, When the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for three hours
She (sleep) for 10 hours! You must wake her
She (have) a headache for several hours.
I (watch) a cartoon movie on TV when you called last night.
Mr Hai is having his car (wash) at the moment.
Where's Tom? He said he (be) here at 4 pm.
If I (drink) so much coffee, I wouldn’t be able to sleep.
Nothing ( do) about this problem for months	
I'm looking forward to (take) a vacation.
I'm hungry because I( have) breakfast or lunch.
I'd rather you (do) the test well.
I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him two dollars
Look at those black clouds. It (rain).
What you ( do ) after you ( go ) home yesterday?
Before leaving home in the morning, she (tell) her mother she (work) in the factory that afternoon.
I realised that someone ( steal ) my wallet when I ( feel ) his hand in my pocket.
She (be) here but she (go) down with flu.
Bill (have) breakfast when I (stop) at his house this morning.
Yesterday I ( walk ) along the street when I ( realize ) a man with a black beard, whom I ( see ) three times already, ( follow ) me.
What do you think the children ( do ) when we get home.
Our house ( destroy ) in the storm last night.
The police ( look ) for the painting now.
You ( find ) the wallet which you lost yet?
Spring ( be ) the time when many kinds of flowers blossom.
He ( not, phone) his girlfriend every day.
I would like ( fax ) this document to my office in Hanoi.
Before the postage stamp ( invent ), it was difficult to send a letter to another country.
You ( meet ) Henry tomorrow.
Laura ( paint ) a picture at 6:00 yesterday morning.
I ( pick ) you up when you ( arrive ) at the airport at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
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Gerund 
1. Gerund làm chủ ngữ:
Eg: Learning E is interesting.
Cách dùng này tương đương với cấu trúc: It is + adj + to – inf
Eg: Learning E is interesting = It is interesting to learn E ... .
trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định cĩ thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ: whom, which, that và các trạng từ quan hệ trong lối văn thân mật
The book you lent me was very interesting.
Do you remember the day we met each other?
 Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng xác định (Non – defining relative clause): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thơng tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Đây là mệnh đề khơng nhất thiết phải cĩ trong câu, khơng cĩ nĩ câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng xác định được tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bởi dấu phẩy hoặc dấu gạch ngang.
	That man, who lives in the next flat, looks very lonely.
	The book “Jane Eyre”, which I was reading, is really good.
Note:Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định ( không giới hạn ) , danh từ xác định thường là : 
 ị Danh từ riêng : Nam, Hong , Mr. Smith, Mrs. Green .
 ị Đại từ chỉ định : this , that , these, those 
 ị Tính từ sở hữu : my, your , our , their , his, her .
 Ex: ® Mr. Pike is very nice. He is my neighbor.	è Mr. Pike , who is my neighbor , is very nice.
 ® This matter is of great importance. You should pay attention to it 
è This matter , to which you should pay attention, is of great importance. 
 ® Do you see my pen ? I’ve just written the lesson with it . è Do you see my pen, with which I’ve just written the lesson 
Combine these sentences into one, using relative pronouns and relative clauses:
1. I met Mary. She asked me to give you this.
2. He is the customer. I lost his address.
3. She is the novelist. Her book won first prize.
4. She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp.
5. I am looking after some children. They are terribly spoilt.
6. The bed had no mattress. I slept on this bed.
7. I was sitting in a chair. It suddenly collapsed.
8. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory.
9. I was waiting for a man. He didn’t turn up.
10. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.
11. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
12. Tom was tired and wanted to stop. He had been driving all day.
13. Ann felt quite fresh. She had slept in the back of the car. 
14. Paul wanted to take the mountain road. His tyres were nearly new.
15. We lit a fire. It soon dried out our clothes.
16. He paid me $5 for cleaning the windows. Most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. 
17. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
18. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.
19. This is Mrs Jones. Her son won the championship last year.
20. I bought a dozen of eggs. Six of them broke when I dropped the box.
Combine the sentences into one single sentence using relative clauses:
The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
I must thank the people. I got a present from them. 
The town is small. I grew up there.
That is the drawer. I keep the jewelry there.
The woman pays me a fair salary. I work for her.
My flat is in an old part of the city. It was built in the 1920s.
The traffic is very noisy. It passes my flat.
The local market sells excellent local produce. It is a two-minute walk from my flat.
We went to Sandra’s party. We enjoyed it very much.
John is one of my closest friends. I have known him for a very long time.
The book is about a girl. She runs away from home.
A new stadium will be opened next month. It can hold 90,000 people.
Alaska is the largest state in the United States. My brother lives there.
 My wife and I are really enjoying the TV set. We bought it for ourselves last week.
Yesterday, Anna rescued a bird. The cat had brought it into the house.
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RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS
1.Presentation:
Examples:
1. The man was very helpful. I talked to him.
a. The man whom / who I talked to was very helpful.
b. The man that I talked to was very helpful.
c. The man I talked to was very helpful.
d. The man to whom I talked was very helpful.
2. The chair is nearly collapsed. The child is sitting in it.
a. The chair which the child is sitting in is nearly collapsed.
b. The chair that the child is sitting in is nearly collapsed.
c. The chair the child is sitting in is nearly collapsed.
d. The chair in which the child is sitting is nearly collapsed.
 * Notes: 
- whom / who, which và that cĩ thể được sử dụng như là tân ngữ của một giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
- whom / who, which và that cĩ thể được lượt bỏ đi như ở câu ví dụ 1c và 2c.
- Trong cách dùng Tiếng Anh trang trọng, giới từ được đặt đầu mệnh đề quan hệ (hay đại từ quan hệ) như ở ví dụ 1d và 2d. Giới từ chỉ đứng trước whom hoặc which mà khơng đứng trước that hoặc who; đại từ whom, which lúc này khơng thể lượt bỏ.
 2. Practice:
* Exercise:Combine these sentences into one, using relative 
 pronouns and relative clauses:
The movie was very interesting. We went to it.
The man is over there. I told you about him.
The woman pays me a fair salary. I work for her.
Alice likes the family. She is living with them.
The picture is beautiful. Tom is looking at it.
I enjoyed the music. We listened to it after dinner.
The person was very friendly. I spoke to him. 
The motel was very clean. We stayed at that motel.
The person never came. Sally was waiting for that person.
I never found the book. I was looking for it.
One of my subjects is Literture. I have been interested in Literature for a long time.
The interviewer wanted to know the name of the college. I had graduated from this college.
Organic chemistry is a subject. I am not familiar with it.
The chair is very hard. I am sitting in this chair.
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
 REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-INFINITIVE
1. Relative clauses replaced by participles (present and past participles)
a. Present participles (Hiện tại phân từ): được dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng chủ động.
Ex: a. The boy who is playing the piano is Ben. ¨ The boy playing the piano is Ben.
 b. We have a house which overlooks the park ¨ We have a house overlooking the park
 c. The man who spoke to John is my brother ¨ The man speaking to John is my brother 
b. Past participles (Quá khứ phân từ): được dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động.
 Ex: a. They live in a house that was built in 1890 ¨ They live in a house built in 1890 
 b. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. ¨The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
2. Relative clauses replaced by to-infinitive phrases
- To-infinitive được sử dụng sau: the first, the second,. the last, the only và sau hình thức so sánh nhất
Ex: a. Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space. ¨ Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space.
 b. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the light.¨ The last person to leave the room must turn off the light.
Rewrite the following sentences using present participle, past participle or to-infinitive:
1. Maxicorp were the only company which replied my letter.
2. Do you the man who is talking to my father ?
3. Applications which were sent after 23rd will not be considered.
4. We have a lot of exercises which we hace to do toninght.
5. Studies of her son are the most important thing that she cares about. 
6. The equipment which belongs to the club is insured.
7. George is the first person that we will interview.
8. Meetings which are held every month are called monthly meetings.
9. The most excellent students who were rewarded the scholarship would have a two-week holiday in VungTau.
10.The trees which were planted last week are growing well.
11. The man who is talking to John is from Korea.
12. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
13. Ann is the woman who is responsiple for preparing the budget.
14. English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
15. The books that are on that shelf is mine.
16. The children who attend that school receive a good education.
17. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
18. The sunlight which comes through the window wakes me up early every morning.
19. John quincy Adams, who was born on July 11th 1767, was the sixth president of the United States.
20. These are the ancient houses which were built a long time ago.
21. The children who attend that school receive a good education.
22. We have an apartment which overlooks the park.
23. He was the second man who was killed in this way.
24. Here are some accounts that you must check.
25. He was the first man who reached the top.
26. In hot weather, many people enjoy lemonade, which is made of lemon juice water, and sugar. 
27. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.
28. I’d be more interested if I had a family that I had to cook for.
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OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1.Presentation: Omission of relative pronouns
* Examples:
The manager was away on holiday. I wanted to see him.
The manager (who / whom / that) I wanted to see was away on holiday.
* Notes:
- We can leave out the pronoun when it stands for an object pronoun of defining relative clauses, and there is no preposition in front of it.
- Clauses without relative pronouns are very common in informal English.
2. Practice:
 * Exercise 1 Combine the two sentences into one, using the relative clauses. Leave out the relative pronouns if possible.
Example: Have you found the keys? You lost them.
à Have you found the keys (which / that) you lost
I like the dress. Trang is wearing it.
The fish was really delicious. We had it for dinner.
We stayed at a hotel. Peter recommended it.
The film was interesting. I watched it on TV last night.
The flat was very old. My family used to live in it.
The birthday party was too noisy. We went to it.
Who was that boy? You was with him this morning.
I don’t like tie. John is wearing it.
The train was full of passengers and goods. We travelled on it.
The church is 200 years old. Our class visited it.
* Exercise 2: Tick (Ư ) the sentences in which the relative pronouns can be omitted.
Example: Ư Is this the car that the police are looking for?
___1. Everything that happened was my fault.
___2. Is there anything that I can do?
___3. The window that was broken has now been repaired.
___4. Where are the eggs that were in the fridge?
___5. The play that we saw last week was boring.
___6. The young man who I sat next to on the bus talked all the time.
___7. Do you know the girl who Tom is talking to?
___8. Linda works for a company that makes computers.
___9. The book about the young girl who runs away from home.
___10. He is getting on well with Mary, who he met last month.
___11. That’s the company for which Lan is working.
___12. The man who helped me to finish that work was my neighbour.