1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:( Thì hiện tại đơn )
S + VERB ( S, ES )
S + VERB ( S, ES ) + OBJECT
+ To show the truth , everyday habits , naturals , present actions ( Diễn tả hành động xảy ra ở hiện tại )
Ex: The sun rises in the east.
+ Expressions often used are: always , usually , often , frequently , sometimes , seldom , rarely, never, now ,these days , today , nowadays , every day/ night/ afternoon/week/ month/ year , once a week
Ex: She always goes to church on Sundays .
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( To be + ving ) (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn )
S + ( AM / IS / ARE ) + V-ing + OBJECT
+ To show things that are happening over a long period time .(Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra ở hiện tại )
Ex : They are watching the football match on TV now.
+ Expressions often used are: at the moment , at the present time . now , right now , presently
+ Present continuous is often used in the following structures
Ex: Keep silent! The baby is sleeping.
Ex: Be careful! The bus is coming.
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ( Thì hiện tại hoàn thành )
S + HAS / HAVE + V3 / Ved
+ To express an action that happened in the past and continues to the present ( Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại )
Ex: We have studied English for six years.
+ To express an action that happened in the past but the time is indefinite. ( Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng thời gian không xác định )
Ex: I have seen that film before.
+ Expressions often used ; sofar , up to now , until now , already. never , ever , recently , just , for , since.
Note : S + HAS / HAVE + V3 / Ved + SINCE + S + V2 / ed
Ex: I have known Mary since she was a baby.
LESSON 1: TENSES ( Thì ) 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE:( Thì hiện tại đơn ) S + VERB ( S, ES ) S + VERB ( S, ES ) + OBJECT + To show the truth , everyday habits , naturals , present actions ( Diễn tả hành động xảy ra ở hiện tại ) Ex: The sun rises in the east. + Expressions often used are: always , usually , often , frequently , sometimes , seldom , rarely, never, now ,these days , today , nowadays , every day/ night/ afternoon/week/ month/ year , once a week Ex: She always goes to church on Sundays . 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( To be + ving ) (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn ) S + ( AM / IS / ARE ) + V-ing + OBJECT + To show things that are happening over a long period time .(Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra ở hiện tại ) Ex : They are watching the football match on TV now. + Expressions often used are: at the moment , at the present time . now , right now , presently + Present continuous is often used in the following structures Ex: Keep silent! The baby is sleeping. Ex: Be careful! The bus is coming. 3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ( Thì hiện tại hoàn thành ) S + HAS / HAVE + V3 / Ved + To express an action that happened in the past and continues to the present ( Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại ) Ex: We have studied English for six years. + To express an action that happened in the past but the time is indefinite. ( Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng thời gian không xác định ) Ex: I have seen that film before. + Expressions often used ; sofar , up to now , until now , already. never , ever , recently , just , for , since. Note : S + HAS / HAVE + V3 / Ved + SINCE + S + V2 / ed Ex: I have known Mary since she was a baby. 4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE ( Thì quá khứ đơn ) S + V2 / ed + OBJECT + To show things which happened and ended.( Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ ) Ex: I studied well last year. + Expressions often used ; yesterday, last week / month / year, ago,time in the past. 5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ( Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn ) S + Was / Were + V-ing + Object + To show things which were happening at a time or during a period of time in the past ( Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra ở một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ ) Ex: At this time yesterday morning, I was playing chess with John. Ex: We were doing home work at 8 p.m yesterday. A / When + S + V2 / ed , S + Was / Were + V-ing. Ex: When he came, they were cooking dinner. B / As + S + Was / Were + V-ing , S + V2 / ed Ex: As it was raining, I left home. C / S + Was / Were + V-ing + While + S + Was / were + V-ing Ex: I was doing my homework while my mother was cooking lunch. 6. PAST PERFECT TENSE ( Thì quá khứ hoàn thành ) S + HAD + V3 / Ved + To show things which happened before a point of time in the past ( Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ ) Ex: He had left England for France before 1990. + To show things which happened before another thing in the past ( Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước hành động khác trong quá khứ ) A / S + HAD + V3 / Ved + BEFORE + S + V2 / ed Ex: They had phoned me before they came here. B / S + V2 / ED + AFTER + S + HAD + V3 / VED Ex: I went to school after I had had breakfast. 7. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE ( Thì tương lai đơn ) S + WILL + V(bare infinitive) + To show things which will happen in the future Ex: We will visit Ha Long Bay next week. + Expressions often used are tomorrow , next week / month / year , tomorrow night , next summer 8. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ( Thì tương lai tiếp diễn ) S + WILL BE + V-ing + To show things which will happen at a time or during a period of time in the future ( Diễn tả một hành động sẽ đang xảy ra ở một thời điểm xác định trong tương lai ) Ex: We will be playing badminton at 9:00 a.m tomorrow. 9. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE ( Thì tương lai hoàn thành ) S + WILL + HAVE + V3/ed + To show an action which will be completed before a certain point in future time. ( Một hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một thời điểm nhất định trong tương lai ) Ex: By the end of this year, I will have been there for 10 years. 10. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ( Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn ) S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing + To show an continuous action which at a given time will be in the past. ( Một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ kéo dài đến một thời điểm cho trước trong tương lai ) Ex: By the end of this school year, I will have been teaching at Chu Van An High School for 9 years. 11. BE GOING TO is used to express intention in the future, or something is going to happen in the near future. ( Tương lai gần ) Ex: I am going to buy a house this summer. Ex: Look ! It is going to rain. *** SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT 1. Singular verb - Chủ ngữ số ít ( hoặc danh từ khơng đếm được) EX: Milk is good for health - Hai chủ từ nối với nhau bằng “ and” nhưng cĩ cùng ý tưởng hoặc chỉ một người. EX: Love and to be loved is the happiest thing on the earth. My best friend and adviser, Tom , is coming tonight. - Chủ ngữ là hai danh từ khác nhau nối với nhau bằng “and” nhưng trước mỗi danh từ cĩ each hoặc every. EX: Each boy and each girl has a book. - Chủ ngữ là các đại từ phiếm chỉ ( everybody, somebody, nobody, something, ) EX: Nothing was seen last night because of the darkness. - Chủ ngữ là: Tiền, Thời gian, Khoảng cách hoặc Số lượng. EX: Twenty dollars is too much to pay for such a shirt. Four weeks is a long time to wait for you. - Chủ ngữ là mệnh đề hay danh động từ ( gerund). EX: Swimming is good for health. That you get very high grades in school is necessary. - Chủ ngữ là các danh từ trừu tượng. ( knowledge, beauty,), mơn học ( physics, mathematics,), căn bệnh ( meales, mumps, ) hoặc các danh từ như: news, funiture, work, EX: The funiture is more expensive than we thought. 2. Plural verb - Chủ ngữ số nhiều. EX: They are students. - Chủ ngữ là hai danh từ nối với nhau bằng “and”. EX: Nam and Ba are brothers. Water and oil don’t mix. - Chủ ngữ là: The + Adjective EX: The rich are not always happy. - Chủ ngữ là các danh từ tập hợp ( people, police, cattle,) EX: The police have arrested the thieves. - Chủ ngữ là: A few, both, many + noun EX: A few books were lost yesterday. 3. Singular or pluar verb. - Chủ ngữ là hai danh từ nối với nhau bằng “or”, “neither nor”, “eitheror”, hoặc “not onlybut also” thì động từ được chia theo danh từ thứ hai. EX: Neither he nor his friends were at school yesterday. - Chủ ngữ là hai danh từ nối với nhau bằng “with”, “as well as”, hoặc “ together with” thì động từ chia theo danh từ thứ nhất EX: The director as well as his staff has to learn English. - Chủ ngữ là một cụm từ cĩ giới từ thì động từ chia theo dand từ đứng trước giới từ. EX: The picture of soldiers has been sold. - Chủ ngữ là: “The munber of + noun” thì động từ chia số ít EX: The number of students in this class is small. - Chủ ngữ là: “A munber of + noun” thì động từ chia số nhiều. EX: A number of students were absent yesterday. - Chủ ngữ là “ There + be + noun” thì động từ “be” chia theo danh từ(noun) EX: There is a fly in this room There are a lot of people here. LESSON 2 INFINITIVE AND GERUND I / GERUND : ( danh động từ ) ( V + ING ) Ways of Use : 1. Subject of a sentence Ex: Reading the story of Kieu is interesting . 2. Complement of To Be after Subject of Thing + To Be Ex : My hobby is fishing . 3. After Prepositions Ex : She is interested in learning English . 4. After some verbs : admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay /postpone/ defer, deny, discuss, dislike, detest / hate, enjoy, escape, keep, mind, miss, , practise, prevent, prefer, resit,resist, cease, finish, suggest, Ex: He avoids meeting me. 5. After some Verbs + Object Combinations Ex: We saw the thief entering the house. Or He spent five hours doing his task. 6. In some other structures : It’s no good / use, there is no point, what’s the point of, what about , be worth, be busy, look forward to, be used to / be accustomed to / get used to, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand Ex: It is no use saying that I am used to getting up early. II / THE INFINITIVE ( TO + VERB ) TO – INFINITIVE 1 Subject of the sentence ( Chủ từ của câu ) Ex : To help her is my duty. want ask tell request + O + To - infinitive order beg EX: He tells me to send this letter. decide, plan / intend tend, claim / demand desire / wish, fail hope, hesitate + to - infinitive want, pretend agree, refuse axpect, EX: Mary learned to swim when she was young. be look seem + adjective + to - infinitive feel * Adjectives: After some ADJEATIVES of Feeling or Attitudes afraid foolish pleased disappointed sorry angry fortunate qualified prepared lucky eager glad ready likely proud Ex : The party is ready to serve. EX: I’m glad to see you again. 5 After the verb TO BE Ex : We are to pass the next exam. 6 After Noun ( Infinitive of Purpose ) : TO / IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO + V(bare infinitive ) Ex : There are lots of things to do today. Ex : He studies hard so as to pass the entrance examination. - BARE – INFINITIVE 1. After modal verbs: can, may, must, EX: I must go home now. 2. After had better, would rather, do nothing but. EX: He did nothing but complain about his life. You’d better stay at home today. + O + V(bare-inf.) 3. Make Let EX: The clowns made them laugh a lot last night. III. VERB FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR GERUNDS * Without changing in meaning begin V-ing continue + start, to - inf Ex : It began to rain when I went to school. Or It began raining when I went to school. - Verbs of perception see V- ing hear taste + O + smell notice bare – inf EX: I saw Mary walking in th park yesterday. Or I saw Mary walk in the park yesterday. * With changing in meaning : thay đổi nghĩa ) - LIKE V-ing (sở thích ) Like + To – inf ( thích vì nghĩ rằng nĩ tốt) Note: would like + to- inf; feel like + V-ing (ước cĩ ) = wish for EX: I like fishing. I like to do my job well. - TRY V-ing (thử ) Try + To – inf ( cố gắng) EX: I tried borrowing some money from John but he refused I tried to do my test well. - STOP V-ing (ngừng, thơi khơng làm nữa ) Stop + To – inf ( ngừng lại để) EX: - Stop talking. - Stop to talk. - REMEMBER, FORGET, REGRET Remember V-ing (V đã xãy ra trước remember, forget, regret) forget + regret To- inf ( To-inf xảy ra sau remember, forget, regret) Ex : He remembers meeting you when he was in France. ( He met you. ) Ex : Remember to sent me a letter when you arrive in Ho Chi Minh city. ( you will send.) - ALLOW, PERMIT, ADVISE, RECOMMEND Allow = pe ... ; No sooner had he appointed the post, the new editor fell ill. Ex : Just after solving the problem, I was faced with another. => Hardly had I solved the problem, I was faced with another. Ex : She was wrong to think that her husband didn’t love her. => Contrary to what she think, her husband didn’t love her. 20. a. NO MATTER HOW + ADJ / ADV + S + V b. NO MATTER WHAT + S + V c. NO MATTER WHERE + S + V Ex : It doesn’t whether you are busy or not, he always insits on coming with you. => No matter how busy you are or not, he always insits on coming with you. Ex :Wherever he’s hiding, we must find him. We must find him wherever he is hiding. 21. S + V + SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT– CLAUSE Ex : I am very busy. I have no time to visit you I am so busy that I have no time to visit you. 22. S + V + SUCH ( A/AN ) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT _ CLAUSE Ex : He asked me such difficult questions that I couldn’t answer them. Ex : Tea is very hot. They couldn’t drink it. It is such hot tea that they couldn’t drink it. Ex : She is very kind . Everybody loves her. She is such a kind girl that everybody loves her. 23. S + V + SO MANY + Plural Countable NOUN + THAT – CLAUSE SO MUCH + Singular Uncountable NOUN Ex : He has so many books that he can’t read all of them. Ex : There was so much noise that I couln’t sleep. 24. IT + BE + NOT UNTIL THAT - CLAUSE = cho đến mới Ex : He didn’t become a doctor until 1990. => It was not until 1990 that he became a doctor. Ex She won’t get married until 2008. => It is not until 2008 she will get married. 25. S + V + NOT ONLY + NOUN + BUT ALSO + NOUN ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADVERB PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE PRE.P PHRASE không những mà còn 0r S + NOT ONLY + VERB + BUT ALSO ( BUT AS WELL ) + VERB Ex : Robert is not only talented but also handsome. Ex : Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin. Ex : Joln not only plays the piano but also composes music. Ex : She is not only beatiful but also kind. She is not only beatiful but kind as well. 26. BECAUSE + CLAUSE ( SUBJECT + VERB ) BECAUSE OF + ADJECTIVE + NOUN Ex : He is absent because he is sick . He is absent because of his sickness. Ex : Because it rained heavily, they didn’t go to work. Because of the heavy rain, they didn’t go to work. 27. NOUN NOUN S + V + ADJECTIVE + AS WELL AS + ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADVERB PREP. PHRASE PREP. PHRASE ( CŨNG NHƯ ) or SUBJECT + V + AS WELL AS + VERB Ex : Robert is talented as well as handsome. Ex : Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music. 28. Causative Form: Thể sai khiến GET SOMEONE TO - Infinitive HAVE V(bare infinitive) EX : He got Daisy to move this chair away. Ex : They had me go to the market to buy some food. GET SOMETHING V ed / V3 BY SOMEONE HAVE Ex : She got her car repaired by Peter. Ex : Why didn’t you have your house painted ? 29. TOO + ADJ / ADV + TO – Infinitive Ex : He is too young to go to school. He is so young that he can’t go to school. Ex : You run too fast for me to keep pace with . You run so fast that I can’t keep pace with. ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + TO – Infinitive ENOUGH + NOUN + TO - Infinitive Ex : He is not old enough to get married. Ex : I don’t have enough money to invite her to eat at a five - star restaurant. 31. SO + ADJ + AS + TO – Infinitive Ex : He was so foolish as to leave his family. Ex : Would you be so good as to send my letter ? .. *** LESSON 9 DEREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ( CÁC MỨC ĐỘ SO SÁNH CỦA TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ ) I / EQUAL COMPARISON ( SO SÁNH BẰNG ) S + V + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN ) ADVERB Ex : Mai is as tall as Lan. Ex : This house is as expensive as that one. Ex : She studies as hard as I. Ex : They drive as carefully as we. * Ý BẰNG NHAU, NHƯ NHAU CÓ THỂ ĐƯỢC DIỄN ĐẠT CÁCH KHÁC: S + V + THE SAME + ( NOUN ) + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN ) Ex : My house is as high as his. My house is the same height as his. Ex : Tom is as old as Mary. Tom and Mary are the same age. II / UNQUAL COMPARISON ( SO SÁNH KHÔNG BẰNG ) S + BE + NOT + AS + ADJECTIVE + AS + NOUN ( PRONOUN ) NOT + V + SO ADVERB Ex : Mai is not as tall as Alice. Ex : We are not so intelligent as they. Ex : He didn’t work as carefully as they last year. Ex : I don’t speak English so fluently as you. III / SUPERIOR COMPARISONS ( SO SÁNH HƠN ) A / SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE AND ADERB ( SO SÁNH HƠN VỚI TÍNH TỪ NGẮN VÀ TRẠNG TỪ NGẮN ) S1 + V + ADJECTIVE + ER + THAN + S2 ADVERB Ex : Alice is taller than Daisy. Ex : She is better at cooking than I. Ex : They studied harder than we last school year. Ex : He is very lazy. He studies worse than we. B / SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH LONG ADJECTIVE AND ADERB ( SO SÁNH HƠN VỚI TÍNH TỪ DÀI VÀ TRẠNG TƯ ØDÀI ) S1 + V + MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN + S2 ADVERB Ex : She is more beautiful than I. Ex : They are more careful than we. Ex : They drive more dangerously than we. B / INPERIOR COMPARISON WITH LONG ADJECTIVE AND ADERB ( SO SÁNH KÉM HƠN VỚI TÍNH TỪ DÀI VÀ TRẠNG TƯ ØDÀI ) S1 + V + LESS + AJECTIVE + THAN + S2 ADVERB Ex : He is less intelligent than Helen. Ex : They sing less beautifully than Dan Truong. * Note: LESS IS NOT USED IN SUPERIOR COMPARISON WITH SHORT ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB ( LESS không được dùng trong so sánh hơn với tính từ ngắn và trạng từ ngắn ) Ex : Incorrect : This house is less large than that one. Correct : This house is not as large as that one. IV / DOUBLE COMPARATIVES ( SO SÁNH KÉP ) 1. S + V + ADJ / ADV + ER + AND + ADJ / ADV + ER ( Mỗi ngày một, càng ngày càng, mỗi lúc một ) Ex : Betty is younger and younger. Ex : The river gets bigger and bigger. 2. S + V + MORE AND MORE + LONG ADJ / ADV ( Tính từ dài, trạng từ dài ) ( Mỗi ngày một, càng ngày càng, mỗi lúc một ) Ex : Her story was more and more attractive. Ex : She becomes more and more beautiful. Ex : They drive more and more carefully. 3. S + V + LESS AND LESS + LONG ADJ OR SHORT ADJ ( Càng ngày càng ít, càng ngày càng kém, mỗi lúc một ít ) Ex : The storm is less and less violent. Ex : It is less and less cold. Ex : He is less and less studious. THE + ADJ + ER + S + V , THE + ADJ + ER + S + V ( Lối này áp dụng cho tính từ ngắn ) Càng ( thì ) càng Ex : The older he gets, the weaker he is. Ex : The wiser he is, the humble (khiêm nhường) he is. 5. THE MORE + ADJ + S + V , THE MORE + ADJ + S + V Càng ( thì ) càng Ex : The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her parents are. Ex : The more miserable he is, the more diligent ( siêng năng, cân mẫn, cần cù ) he becomes. 6. THE ADJ + ER + S + V , THE MORE + S + V + ADJ Càng ( thì ) càng Ex : The heavier the coin is, the more it is worth. 7. THE MORE + S + V + THE + ADJ + ER + S + V Càng ( thì ) càng Ex : The more we get together, the happier we ill be. Ex : The more he worked, the richer he was. 8. THE MORE + S + V, THE + MORE + S + V Càng ( thì ) càng Ex : The more she knows him, the more she loves him. Ex : The more my sister hates him, the more he loves her. 9. THE LESS + ADJ + S + V , THE LESS + ADJ + S + V Càng ( thì ) càng EX : The less diligent the boy is, the less progress he will make. ( Thằng bé càng ít siêng năng thí nó càng ít tiến bộ. ) V / SUPERLATIVES ( SO SÁNH BẬC NHẤT ) 10. SHORT ADJ / ADV + EST S + V + THE + MOST + LONG ADJ / ADV + IN + N( đếm được số ít) / LEAST + ADJ / ADV OF + Nø(đếm được số nhiều) Ex : John is the tallest boy in the family. Ex : Mary is the shortest of the three sister. Ex : These shoes are the least expensive of all. * EXCEPTIONAL CASES ( Các trường hợp ngoại lệ ) 1. good/ well better the best 2. bad/ badly worse the worst 3. many much more the most 4. little less the least 5. far farther the farthest ( về khoảng cách ) further the furthest ( về thời gian ) 6. near nearer the nearest ( về khoảng cách ) the next ( về thứ tự ) 7. late later the latest ( về thời gian ) the last ( về thứ tự ) 8. old older the oldest ( về tuổi tác ) elder the eldest ( về cấp bậc hơn là tuổi tác ) VI / SUMMARY (Tóm tắt) COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ( Các hình thức so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất của tính từ và trạng từ ) 1. One-syllable adjectives and adverbs: The - Er and –Est forms are added. (Đối với tính từ và trạng từ một vần ta thêm Er và Est vào sau) old older the oldest wise wiser the wisest fast faster fastest hard harder the hardest happy happier the happiest busy busier the busiest hot hotter the hottest big bigger the biggest fat fatter the fattest 2. Two- syllable adjectives : for most two-syllable adjectives, more and most are used. ( Tính từ hai vần : More and Most được dùng ) famous more famous the most famous pleasant more pleasant the most pleasant * Some two – syllable adjectives use –Er/ - Est or More/ Most : able, angry, clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour. ( Một số tính từ hai vần dùng : Er/ - Est hoặc More/ Most như : able, clever, common , cruel friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, sour. clever cleverer the cleverest more clever the most clever gentle gentler the gentlest more gentle the most gentle friendly friendlier the friendliest more friendly the most friendly 3. Ajectives with three or more syllables : More and Most are used with long adjectives ( Với tính từ ba hoặc nhiều vần : More và Most được dùng với tính từ dài ) important more important the most important fascinating more fascinating the most fascinating 4. More and Most are used with adverbs the end–ly* .( More và Most được dùng với trạng từ có tận cùng ly*. carefully more carefully the most carefully slowly more slowly the most slowly 5. Use More + Adjectives end with Suffixes : -ED, -FUL, -ING, -ISH, -OUS ( Dùng More + Adjectives tận cùng bằng các tiếp vị ngữ như : -ED, -FUL, -ING, -ISH, -OUS ) more hated more useful more boring more continuous Circle the correct option 2. My brother has more / the most CDs in our family. 3. Mydog’s got a lot more / the most energy than me! 4. Sylvia wears more / the most jewelery in the class. 5. All my friends spend more / the most money on clothes than me. 6. There are more / the most books on the floor than the bookshelves. 7. Who has more / the most brothers : Alice or Fatima. 8. Your team lost more / the most games than mine. 9. Which person in your class watched more / the most TV programs last night? 10. Of the two brothers , Nam has more / the most.
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