Ôn tập môn Anh văn 11 - Relative clauses (mệnh đề quan hệ)

RELATIVE CLAUSES 
(MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)
I. Ví dụ và định nghĩa:
+ I have just bought a book. It is about the history of the English language.
=> I have just bought a book which is about the history of the English language.
+ Laura has just won the first prize in the city’s piano contest. She is my best friend.
=> Laura, who is my best friend, has just won the first prize in the city’s piano contest.
+ Last year we visited a house. Shakespeare was born there.
=> Last year we visited the house where Shakespeare was born.
* Mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) là mệnh đề phụ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ ngay trước nó.
* MĐQH thường bắt đầu bằng một đại từ quan hệ (ĐTQH)-chỉ người/sở hữu, sự vật/sự việc- hoặc một trạng từ quan hệ (TTQH)-chỉ địa điểm, thời gian, lí do.
II. Các ĐTQH và TTQH:
1. Who: chỉ người (làm S hoặc O) – đứng sau danh từ chỉ người.
EX: + We met some local people. They were very helpful.
 => We met some local people who are very helpful.
2. Whom: chỉ người (làm O) – sau danh từ chỉ người nhưng làm O trong MĐQH. Whom có thể đứng sau một giới từ. Chủ yếu được dùng trong văn viết hoặc các trường hợp giao tiếp trang trọng.
EX: The man was very friendly. We talked to him.
 => The man whom (who) we talked to was very friendly. 
 = The man to whom we talked was very friendly.
3. Whose: chỉ sở hữu. Whose có thể đứng sau một danh từ chỉ người hoặc chỉ vật nhưng nhất thiết sau nó phải kèm theo một danh từ. (trong trường hợp chỉ sở hữu của vật cũng có thể dùng: the N of which)
EX: Do you know a word? Its meaning is similar to ‘courteous’.
 => Do you know the word whose meaning is similar to ‘courteous’?
 (Do you know the word the meaning of which is similar to ‘courteous’?) 
4. Which: chỉ vật (làm S hoặc O) – đứng sau danh từ chỉ vật. Which có thể đứng sau một giới từ.
5. That: có thể thay thế cho who, whom hoặc which trong MĐQH xác định. Thường được dùng trong các trường hợp sau: sau cụm từ chỉ cả người và vật; sau các cụm danh từ có chứa ‘the only’, so sánh tuyệt đối, ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘any’, ; cấu trúc nhấn mạnh: It’s  that 
6. Where: chỉ nơi chốn (= in/at/on/ - which)
EX: The restaurant was comfortable. We had dinner in it (there).
 => The restaurant where we had dinner was comfortable.
 = The restaurant in which we had dinner was comfortable.
7. When: chỉ thời gian (= in/at/on/ - which)
EX: I will never forget a day. The disastrous storm swept off almost everything of mine on this day.
 => I will never forget the day when the disastrous storm swept off almost everything of mine.
 = I will never forget the day on which the disastrous storm swept off almost everything of mine.
8. Why: chỉ lý do (= for – which)
EX: Do you know the reason? He decided to quit his passion for this reason (for it).
 => Do you know the reason why he decided to quit his passion?
 = Do you know the reason for which he decided to quit his pasion?
III. MĐQH xác định và MĐQH không xác định 
(Definite and non-definite relative clauses)
1. MĐQH xác định:
EX: Can you lend me the book which you told me about yesterday?
 (Xác định rõ chính là quyển sách bạn đã kể cho tôi nghe ngày hôm qua)
* MĐQH xác định cần thiết trong câu để xác định rõ danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa. Nếu lược bỏ câu sẽ không rõ về nghĩa.)
* Khi viết không có dấu phẩy giữa MĐQH xác định và MĐ chính của câu.
2. MĐQH không xác định:
EX: Ha Long Bay, which is one of the wonders of the world, is among the most famous tourist attractions in Vietnam.
(Chỉ bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa vì danh từ đó đã được xác định.)
* MĐQH không xác định chỉ bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa. Nếu lược bỏ, câu vẫn rõ về nghĩa. 
* Khi viết có dấu phẩy giữa MĐQH không xác định và MĐ chính khi MĐQH xen vào giữa câu.
* MĐQH không xác định thường thấy trong các trường hợp sau: sau danh từ chỉ tên riêng; sau cụm từ có các từ chỉ định: this. these, that, those; sau cụm từ có tính từ sở hữu: my, our, your, his, 
RELATIVE CLAUSES - EXERCISES
I. Cirle the best option to complete each sentence: 
1. The scientist _________ invention was a success became famous 
A. who 	B. whose 	C. which 	D. that 
2. The man _________ you met at the party was a famous film star 
A. who 	B. that 	C. whom 	D. all are correct 
3. My neighbour, _________ brother is an actor, gave me some theatre tickets 
A. who 	B. whom 	C. which 	D. whose 
4. We are talking about the writer _________ latest book is one of the best-sellers this year 
A. which 	B. who 	C. whom 	D. whose 
5. The people _________ called me yesterday want to buy your house 
A. who 	B. whose 	C. whom 	D. which 
6. A newspaper _________ is published every day is called a daily newspaper 
A. who 	B. which 	C. that 	D. b and c 
7. That is the man _________ told me the bad news 
A. who 	B. whom 	C. whose 	D. which 
8. Bologna in Northern Italy is the place _________ Guglielmo Marconi was born 
A. there 	B. where 	C. what 	D. which 
9. The boy _________ eyes are brown is my friend 
A. who 	B. whose 	C. which 	D. whom 
10. My uncle _________ you met yesterday is a lawyer 
A. which 	B. what 	C. whose 	D. whom 
II. Fill the blanks with Relative pronoun or Relative adverbs, put commas when they are needed 
1. The book . I need can’t be found in the library 
2. Here is the beach . is the safest for swimmers 
3. Do you know the American woman . name is Margaret Mitchell? 
4. Jim . I have known for ten years is one of my closest friends 
5. That woman . name I don’t remember is a doctor 
6. Children enjoy reading the books . have coloured pictures 
7. The noise . he met woke everybody up 
8. I know a place . roses grow in abundance 
9. We must find a time . we can meet and a place . we can talk 
10. The teacher with . we studied last year no longer teaches in our school 
11. Mr. Brown . is only 34 is the director of this company 
12. Let me see all the letters . you have written 
13. Is there anyone . can help me do this? 
14. Alexander Flemming . discovered penicillin received the Nodel Prize in 1945 
15. We saw many soldiers and tanks . were moving to the front 
III. Combine each pair of sentences below 
1. The officer wasn’t very friendly. I spoke to him yesterday 
..
2. The dog was very frightened. The boys threw stones at it ..
3. The road was built in 1980. We are driving on it ..
4. Did you see the letter? It came yesterday morning ..
5. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen ..
6. My father goes swimming everyday. You met him this morning ..
7. I love my parents’ house. I was born in that house ..
8. The town is small. I grew up there ..
9. I’ll never forget the day. I first met you then ..
10. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it ..
11. This is the house. We often stay in this house in the summer ..
12. This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won the championship last year ..
13. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it ..
14. Mary and Margaret are twins. You met them yesterday ..
15. I like standing at the window. I can see the park from this window ..
16. I do not know the reason. She left school for it ..
17. The police want to know the hotel. Mr.Foster stayed there two weeks ago .. 
18. The man is a famous actor. You met him at the party last night ..
19. There are some words. They are very difficult to translate ..
20. The woman was a secretary. We were waiting for her. ..
21. Sandra works in advertising. You were talking to her ..
22. The man is very young. You are driving his car ..
23. Who is the woman? Our teacher is talking to her? ..
24. The day was rainy. She left on that day ..
25. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there ..