Bài ôn tập Tiếng Anh 12 - Ôn tập bài 11

UNIT 11: SOURCES OF ENERGY
 Listening text
The natural environment includes all natural resources that are necessary for life: the air, the ocean, the sun, and the land. Because they are vital for life, these resources must be protected from pollution and conserved. Ecologists study their importance and how to use them carefully.
According to ecologists, resources are divided into two groups: renewable and nonrenewable. When a resource is used, it takes some time to replace it. If the resource can be replaced quickly, it is called renewable. For example, grass for animals is a renewable resource. When cows eat the grass, the resource is used. If the soil is fertilized and protected, more grass will grow. Coal, however, is nonrenewable because it takes millions of years to make coal. All fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources.
Solar energy, air, and water are renewable resources because there is unlimited supply. However, this definition may change if people are not careful with these resources. The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth depends on the atmosphere. If the atmosphere is polluted, the solar energy that reaches the earth may be dangerous. If life is going to continue, the air must contain the correct amount of nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and other gases. If humans continue to pollute the air, it will not contain the correct amounts of these gases.
Task 1: List and learn by heart important words or phrases.
Task 2: Translate the passage into Vietnamese.
Grammar
RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
1. MĐQH được thay thế bằng phân từ
Sử dụng MĐ phân từ hiện tại ( -ing) hoặc phân từ quá khứ (-ed) sau danh từ để đưa thông tin về người hoặc vật nào đó. Những MĐ này tương tự với MĐQH xác định ( Defining RC) bắt đầu bằng who/ which/ that
1.1. – ing clause
Thay cho MĐQH xác định với động từ chủ động
Bỏ who, which, that và be (nếu có ), thêm ING vào động từ
The man who is standing there is my brother. à The man who is standing there is my brother.
--> The man standing there is my brother.
1.2. – ed clause
Thay cho MĐQH xác định với động từ bị động
Bỏ who, which, that và be
I like books which were written by NguyenDu.
à I like books which were written by NguyenDu.
->I like books written by NguyenDu.
2. MĐQH được thay thế bằng động thể nguyên thể (to Vinf.)
Ta có thể dùng to Vinf. sau danh từ. Lúc này cụm động từ nguyên thể có nghĩa tương tự với MĐQH xác định, đóng vai trò làm từ bổ nghĩa, làm rõ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
2.1. Dùng sau the first/ the second; the next/ the last/ the only or superlative Adjs ( dạng so sánh hơn nhất của tính từ)
Bỏ who, which, that, chủ từ (nếu có ) và modal verb như can ,will...thêm to trước động từ
This is the only student who can do the problem.
--> This is the only student who can do the problem.-> This is the only student to do the problem.
2.2. Dùng sau danh từ khác hoặc sau đại từ bất định
I’ve got some letters to write. ( =  letters that I have to write)
The doctor had a number of patients to see ( = patients that he had to see)
Is there anything to drink? ( = anything that I can drink)
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này chúng ta cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như we,you,everyone.... thì có thể không cần ghi ra.
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about. 
Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước ĐTQH có giới từ thì phải đưa xuống cuối câu. ( đây là lỗi dễ sai nhất).
We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.
3. Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm: -bỏ who, which và be 
Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. (MĐQH ko XĐ)
à Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
à Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Do you like the book which is on the table?
à Do you like the book which is on the table? à Do you like the book on the table?
Chú ý: ĐTQH làm tân ngữ của MĐQH XĐ có thể được lược bỏ.
The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. 
à The man I wanted to see was away on holiday.
Have you found the keys that you lost? à Have you found the keys you lost?
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI TẬP “ RÚT GỌN MĐQH”
1. Xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không? Nếu có áp dụng công thức 3 
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước who/ which... có các dấu hiệu first, only...không, nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 2 (to inf. ), lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )
3. Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem động từ ở câu đó ở thể chủ động hay bị động mà dùng Ving hay Vpp.
PRACTICE TEST 11.1
PRONUNCIATION 
Choose the words that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.
a. exhaust 	b. source 	c. enormous 	d. cause
a. sun 	b. solar 	c. safe 	d. sure
a. heat 	b. great 	c. release 	d. reach
a. geothermal 	b. power 	c. solar 	d. hydro
a. polluted 	b. consume 	c. nuclear 	d. fuel
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d that best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase.
The amount of solar energy that reaches the earth depends ______ the atmosphere.
a. to 	b. in 	c. on 	d. with
The natural environment consists ______ all natural resources.
a. in 	b. of 	c. to 	d. on
Solar energy can be changed ______ electricity.
a. in 	b. to 	c. into 	d. for
Oil, coal and natural gas are ______ fuels made from decayed material from animal or plants.
a. unleaded 	b. smokeless 	c. solid 	d. fossil
A nuclear reactor releases ______ which is dangerous to the environment.
a. radiation 	b. heat 	c. energy 	d. carbon dioxide
We could make better ______ of our energy resources.
a. spend 	b. use 	c. need 	d. limit
The government has spent £1 million on an advertising ______ to encourage energy conservation.
a. campaign 	b. promotion 	c. operation 	d. enterprise
All fossil fuels are ______ resources that cannot be replaced after use.
a. unlimited 	b. renewable 	c. available 	d. non-renewable
Solar energy is not only plentiful and infinite but also clean and safe.
a. boundless 	b. unlimited 	c. uncountable 	d. inflexible
Many newer cars have a much lower fuel ______.
a. consuming 	b. consumer 	 c. consumation 	d. consumption
Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d that best completes the sentence.
Nellie Ross of Wyoming was the first woman ______ governor in the United States.
a. who elected 	b. to be elected 	 c. was elected 	d. her election as
Pioneers, ______ in isolated areas of the United States, were almost totally self-sufficient.
a. who living 	b. living 	c. lived 	d. that Iived
Completed in 1756, Nassau Hall is the oldest building now ______ on the campus of Princeton University. .
a. standing 	b. it stands 	c. has stood 	d. stood
Jerome Kern's most famous work is Showboat, ______ , most enduring musical comedies.
a. it is one of the finest 	b. of the finest one
c. the finest one 	d. one of the finest
______ in large quantities in the Middle East, oil became known as black gold because of the large profit it brought. 
a. Discovering 	b. which was discovered
c. Discovered 	d. That when discovered
Neil Armstrong, ______ person to set foot on the moon, reported that the surface was fine and powdery. 
a. the first 	b. to be the first 	 c. was the first 	d. as the first
The Massachusetts State House, ______ in 1798, was the most distinguished building in the United States at that time.
a. completing 	b. which was completed
c. was completed 	d. to be completed
Lady Astor was the first woman ______ her seat in Parliament.
a. take 	b. to take 	c. taking 	d. who takes
Norman Weiner, ______ mathematician and logician, had an important role in the development of the computer.
a. who as a 	b. was a 	c. whom a 	d. a
War and Peace, ______, was published in 1869.
a. Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel
b. that is Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel
c. which most celebrated novel of Leo Tolstoy
d. is a Leo Tolstoy's most celebrated novel
Choose word or phrase - a, b, c or d – that needs correcting.
Louisa May Alcott, she best known for her books for children, served
 A B C
as a nurse during the Civil War.
 D
27. I went to a reunion for students educating in the physics department during the 1980s.
 A B C D
28. Natural resources provide the raw material are needed to produce finished goods.
 A B C D
29. In an essay writing in 1779, Judith Sargeant Murray promoted the cause of women's education.
 A B C D 
30. It was suggested that Pedro studies the material more thoroughly
 A B 
before attempting to pass the exam.
 C D
READING
Fill in each blank with one appropriate word from the box.
matter consuming filthy dangerous supply available
reachs contain conservation safe renewable correct
Solar energy, air and water are, usually called (31) ______, resources because there is an unlimited (32) ______, of them. However, this definition may change if people are not careful with the (33) ______, of these resources. The quality of solar energy that (34) ______ the earth depends on the atmosphere. If the atmosphere is polluted, the solar energy reaching the earth may be (35) ______. If life is about to continue, the air must (36) ______ the appropriate amount of N, O2, CO2 and other gases. If humans continue to pollute the air, it will not contain the (37) ______ amount of these gases. Water is also a (38) ______ to take into consideration. Industry is making our water (39) ______. Therefore, resources must be conserved, the air and water must be protected. (40) ______ must play important part in life.